Elemental Abundance of Selected SEP Events
Contents
- Abundances and inferred charge states for November 6 1997 event
- Element Composition for 9 events from 1997 and 1998
- Average abundances over 27 large SEP events from Nov 1997 to Jan 2001
- Abundances for the large "Halloween" 2003 events
- Large SEP events as identified by GOES 1997-2005, and their associated flares, shocks, and radio signatures.
- Elemental abundances (11.0–21.8 MeV/nucleon) for 39 small SEP events from Slocum et al., ApJ, 594, 592-604, 2003.
SEP event:
Reference: Cohen et al., GRL, 26, 149, 1999
Comment: These abundances were obtained for 1200 Nov 6 - 0000 Nov 10,
1997 by fitting a power law to the SIS elemental spectra over the region 12-60
MeV/nucleon, using a common spectral index for all elements. The charge
states were then inferred from the abundances in a manner described in the
paper.
SEP event: 9 events from 1997 and 1998 (as indicated in
the first table)
Reference: Cohen et al., GRL, 26,
2697, 1999
Comment: The first table gives 3He/4He ratios and Fe/O
over energy intervals indicated for 9 large SEP events. The second table gives heavy ion composition
from 12-60 MeV/nucleon for 4 Fe-rich large SEP events.
Table 1. Characteristics of
Observed SEP Events
|
Event Time Year
Start End |
3He/4He (8-14 MeV/nuc) |
Fe/O (12-60 MeV/nuc) |
|
1997 306 0600 - 310 1200 |
0.008 |
0.588 ± 0.011 |
|
1997 310 1200 - 314 0000 |
0.007 |
0.900 ± 0.006 |
|
1998 110 1200 - 117 0000 |
< 0.06 |
0.018 ± 0.001* |
|
1998 122 1200 - 125 0000 |
< 0.002 |
0.833 ± 0.016 |
|
1998 126 0800 - 128 0000 |
0.04 |
0.740 ± 0.014 |
|
1998 129 0450 - 131 1200 |
< 0.002 |
0.492 ± 0.015 |
|
1998 237 0000 - 244 0000 |
< 0.002 |
0.016 ± 0.001 |
|
1998 273 1200 - 278 0000 |
< 0.003 |
0.299 ± 0.003 |
|
1998 318 0600 - 322 1200 |
0.005 |
0.761 ± 0.006 |
* measured over 12 to 40
MeV/nucleon
Table 2. Observed Element
Composition (12 to 60 MeV/nucleon)
|
Z |
310.5 - 314.0 |
122.5 - 125.0 |
126.3 - 128.0 |
318.25 - 322.5 |
|
6 |
1000 ± 12 |
1000 ± 38 |
1000 ± 39 |
1000 ± 15 |
|
7 |
347 ± 6 |
371 ± 19 |
385 ± 20 |
309 ± 7 |
|
8 |
3058 ± 29 |
3218 ± 99 |
3010 ± 95 |
2602 ± 33 |
|
10 |
848 ± 10 |
1077 ± 40 |
955 ± 37 |
672 ± 11 |
|
11 |
54 ± 2 |
98 ± 8 |
94 ± 6 |
69 ± 2 |
|
12 |
625 ± 8 |
913 ± 35 |
706 ± 29 |
915 ± 14 |
|
13 |
74 ± 2 |
102 ± 7 |
120 ± 7 |
101 ± 3 |
|
14 |
558 ± 7 |
700 ± 28 |
532 ± 23 |
776 ± 12 |
|
16 |
216 ± 4 |
230 ± 13 |
214 ± 12 |
164 ± 4 |
|
18 |
66 ± 2 |
73 ± 6 |
62 ± 50 |
32 ± 2 |
|
20 |
177 ± 3 |
196 ± 11 |
230 ± 11 |
112 ± 3 |
|
26 |
2752 ± 26 |
2680 ± 79 |
2228 ± 66 |
1980 ± 24 |
|
28 |
191 ± 3 |
207 ± 8 |
|
106 ± 2 |
SEP event: Average over 27 large SEP events from Nov
1997 to Jan 2001
Reference: Cohen et al., in Solar
and Galactic Composition, ed by R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, AIP, 598, p. 107,
2001
Comment: These abundances were calculated over 20-65
MeV/nucleon and are given as ratios to neighboring elements to reduce the
effects of FIP and Q/M fractionation.
|
Element ratio |
FIP (eV) |
SIS study |
Photosphere* |
Meteoritic* |
|
P/Si |
0.49 |
5.12 ± 0.47 |
7.76 ± 0.75 |
10.00 ± 1.48 |
|
Cl/Si |
13.00 |
1.66 ± 0.29 |
5.24 ± 0.78 |
5.25 ± 0.78 |
|
K/Ca |
4.34 |
60.87 ± 4.78 |
58.87 ± 20.56 |
60.26 ± 2.84 |
|
Ti/Ca |
6.82 |
38.79 ± 4.22 |
46.74 ± 6.97 |
38.90 ± 1.83 |
|
Cr/Fe |
6.77 |
20.06 ± 0.85 |
14.76 ± 1.08 |
15.49 ± 0.36 |
|
Mn/Fe |
7.44 |
12.55 ± 0.68 |
7.76 ± 0.56 |
10.72 ± 0.25 |
|
Co/Fe |
7.86 |
3.88 ± 0.31 |
2.63 ± 0.26 |
2.57 ± 0.06 |
|
Ni/Fe |
7.64 |
60.89 ± 1.42 |
56.23 ± 1.31 |
56.23 ± 1.31 |
|
Cu/Fe |
7.73 |
0.69 ± 0.14 |
0.51 ± 0.05 |
0.62 ± 0.06 |
|
Zn/Fe |
9.39 |
1.33 ± 0.21 |
1.26 ± 0.26 |
1.48 ± 0.14 |
* from Grevesse, N. and Sauval, A.J.,
Space Sci. Rev. 85, 161-174, 1998.
SEP event: Large ‘Halloween 2003’ events; October 26, October 28, October 29, November 2,
Reference: Cohen et al., JGR, in
press, 2005
Comment: These figures show the temporal evolution of
the oxygen intensity at several energies; the combined O and Fe spectra from ULEIS
and SIS, integrated over each event; the resulting Fe/O abundances as a
function of energy; and the elemental abundance at 0.64-0.91 MeV/nucleon from
ULEIS and 12-60 MeV/nucleon from SIS.
The data for these elemental abundances are given in the following
table.
Figure 1. Hourly oxygen
intensity plotted versus time for several of the ULEIS and SIS energy bands.
Flares start times are indicated by the inverted triangles at the top of the
plot (with X-ray flare size given above). Shock passages are denoted by
vertical solid lines. The 5 identified events are numbered for reference.
Figure 2. Event-integrated
oxygen (circles) and iron (squares) fluences plotted versus energy for each of
the 5 events. The gaps in the Fe spectra (from ~3 to 10 MeV/nucleon) are
due to different measurement techniques of the ULEIS and SIS sensors.
Figure 3. Iron to oxygen
fluence ratios plotted as a function of energy for the 5 events.
Figure 4. Event-integrated abundances
relative to oxygen plotted versus nuclear charge for two different energy
ranges, 0.64 to 0.91 MeV/nucleon from ULEIS (left panels) and 12 to 60
MeV/nucleon from SIS (right panels). The bottom panels are further
normalized to the large SEP event abundances of Reames [1999].
SIS Abundances for Figure 4
|
Nuclear Charge |
26 Oct |
28 Oct |
29 Oct |
2 Nov |
4 Nov |
|
6 |
403.00 ± 0.06 |
483.00 ± 5.78 |
403.00 ± 0.46 |
452.00 ± 0.41 |
524.00 ± 0.03 |
|
7 |
116.00 ± 0.03 |
162.00 ± 3.69 |
125.00 ± 0.27 |
143.00 ± 0.25 |
138.00 ± 0.02 |
|
8 |
1000.00 ± 0.09 |
1000.00 ± 8.59 |
1000.00 ± 0.74 |
1000.00 ± 0.66 |
1000.00 ± 0.04 |
|
10 |
143.00 ± 0.03 |
112.00 ± 2.85 |
246.00 ± 0.38 |
134.00 ± 0.25 |
115.00 ± 0.01 |
|
11 |
12.70 ± 0.01 |
12.50 ± 1.01 |
17.90 ± 0.10 |
12.00 ± 0.08 |
11.10 ± 0.00 |
|
12 |
188.00 ± 0.04 |
200.00 ± 4.22 |
242.00 ± 0.39 |
195.00 ± 0.34 |
217.00 ± 0.02 |
|
13 |
14.70 ± 0.01 |
12.70 ± 1.00 |
21.60 ± 0.12 |
11.90 ± 0.08 |
13.90 ± 0.01 |
|
14 |
151.00 ± 0.03 |
157.00 ± 4.03 |
173.00 ± 0.33 |
120.00 ± 0.27 |
119.00 ± 0.01 |
|
16 |
38.30 ± 0.02 |
27.80 ± 1.75 |
32.60 ± 0.14 |
19.10 ± 0.10 |
19.50 ± 0.01 |
|
18 |
2.81 ± 0.00 |
0.91 ± 0.23 |
6.11 ± 0.07 |
1.22 ± 0.02 |
1.29 ± 0.00 |
|
20 |
12.20 ± 0.01 |
4.98 ± 0.70 |
12.20 ± 0.09 |
5.04 ± 0.05 |
3.91 ± 0.00 |
|
26 |
147.00 ± 0.03 |
37.80 ± 1.99 |
138.00 ± 0.33 |
42.10 ± 0.13 |
31.60 ± 0.01 |
|
28 |
8.54 ± 0.01 |
2.64 ± 0.62 |
5.44 ± 0.06 |
2.87 ± 0.04 |
1.66 ± 0.00 |
ULEIS Abundances for Figure 4
|
Nuclear Charge |
26 Oct |
28 Oct |
29 Oct |
2 Nov |
4 Nov |
|
7 |
114.08 ±
8.76 |
232.13 ± 24.88 |
120.98 ± 12.96 |
133.17 ±
7.14 |
123.90 ±
5.01 |
|
8 |
1000.00 ± 34.86 |
1000.00 ± 62.91 |
1000.00 ± 49.01 |
1000.00 ± 26.06 |
1000.00 ± 18.89 |
|
10 |
173.95 ± 11.17 |
226.85 ± 24.37 |
268.20 ± 20.05 |
114.74 ±
6.53 |
96.48 ±
4.34 |
|
12 |
226.61 ± 13.00 |
313.61 ± 30.66 |
304.44 ± 21.55 |
215.60 ±
9.42 |
251.97 ±
7.51 |
|
14 |
307.89 ± 16.05 |
317.73 ± 30.28 |
321.70 ± 22.57 |
251.63 ± 10.24 |
406.92 ± 10.01 |
|
16 |
111.37 ±
9.03 |
88.38 ± 13.71 |
68.04 ±
9.34 |
72.20 ±
5.09 |
111.30 ±
4.58 |
|
20 |
57.81 ±
8.85 |
35.85 ±
8.87 |
30.24 ±
6.85 |
20.95 ±
2.78 |
37.64 ±
3.12 |
|
26 |
1024.40 ± 30.87 |
388.84 ± 28.42 |
690.39 ± 35.80 |
444.82 ± 13.23 |
755.61 ± 14.51 |
SEP event: Large SEP events as identified by GOES
1997-2005
Reference: Cane et al., JGR,
submitted, 2005
Comment: The table identifies GOES events and their
associated flares, shocks, and radio signatures. The peak GOES >10 MeV proton intensity is
given as well as the Fe/O ratio from SIS integrated over the event from 12-60
MeV/nucleon. The time profiles of the
SIS data are characterized in a manner described in the paper.
GOES SEP Events (1997-2005)
|
Event |
Flare |
Particles |
Shock |
||||||||
|
Numbera |
Year |
Date |
Timeb |
Location |
|
> |
Fe/Od ¸ 0.134 |
Profilee |
Transitf Speed (km/s) |
Radiog |
|
|
Ratio |
Uncertainty |
||||||||||
|
1 |
1997 |
Nov 04 |
0555 |
S14W33 |
X2 |
72 |
3.11 |
0.17 |
P |
640 |
|
|
2 |
1997 |
Nov 06 |
1150 |
S18W63 |
X9 |
490 |
6.40 |
10.08 |
P |
500 |
|
|
3 |
1998 |
Apr 20 |
1000 |
S43W90 |
M1 |
1700 |
0.032 |
0.003 |
O |
520 |
km |
|
4 |
1998 |
May 02 |
1335 |
S15W15 |
X1 |
150 |
5.23 |
0.22 |
O |
1120 |
|
|
5 |
1998 |
May 06 |
0800 |
S11W65 |
X2 |
210 |
3.59 |
0.25 |
P |
... |
|
|
6 |
1998 |
Aug 24 |
2205 |
N30E07 |
X1 |
670 |
0.88 |
0.29 |
S |
1260 |
km |
|
7 |
1998 |
Sep 23 |
0700 |
N18E09 |
M7 |
44 |
*0.46 |
0.02 |
S |
1032 |
km |
|
8 |
1998 |
Sep 30 |
1320 |
N23W81 |
M2 |
1200 |
2.03 |
0.06 |
O |
1010 |
km |
|
9 |
1998 |
Nov 05 |
1900 |
N26W18 |
M9 |
11 |
*0.50 |
0.02 |
O |
740 |
|
|
10 |
1998 |
Nov 14 |
0518 |
N28W90 |
C1 |
310 |
5.02 |
0.11 |
P |
... |
|
|
11 |
1999 |
Jan 20 |
2004 |
N27E90 |
M5 |
14 |
8.57 |
1.74 |
O |
PS |
|
|
12 |
1999 |
Apr 24 |
1300 |
NW150 |
... |
32 |
1.22 |
0.40 |
P |
... |
|
|
13 |
1999 |
May 03 |
0602 |
N15E32 |
M4 |
14 |
*0.155 |
0.007 |
S |
720 |
|
|
14 |
1999 |
Jun 01 |
1930 |
NW120 |
... |
48 |
4.88 |
0.23 |
P |
... |
|
|
15 |
1999 |
Jun 04 |
0703 |
N17W69 |
M3 |
64 |
2.86 |
0.27 |
P |
... |
|
|
16 |
2000 |
Feb 18 |
0925 |
|
... |
13 |
3.29 |
1.47 |
P |
... |
|
|
17 |
2000 |
Apr 04 |
1541 |
N16W66 |
C9 |
55 |
0.80 |
0.19 |
P |
870 |
km |
|
18 |
2000 |
Jun 06 |
1525 |
N20E18 |
X2 |
84 |
3.0 |
1.5 |
O |
990 |
km |
|
19 |
2000 |
Jun 10 |
1702 |
N22W38 |
M5 |
46 |
5.86 |
0.54 |
P |
PS |
|
|
20 |
2000 |
Jul 14 |
1024 |
N22W07 |
X5 |
24000 |
0.62 |
0.14 |
S |
1600 |
km |
|
21 |
2000 |
Jul 22 |
1134 |
N14W56 |
M3 |
*17 |
... |
… |
P |
... |
|
|
22 |
2000 |
Jul 27 |
1130 |
NW120 |
... |
*18 |
... |
… |
P |
... |
|
|
23 |
2000 |
Aug 09 |
1525 |
N11W11 |
C2 |
*17 |
... |
… |
O |
805 |
|
|
24 |
2000 |
Sep 12 |
1213 |
S17W09 |
M1 |
320 |
3.06 |
0.31 |
P |
640 |
km |
|
25 |
2000 |
Oct 16 |
0728 |
N04W90 |
M2 |
15 |
4.92 |
0.35 |
P |
... |
|
|
26 |
2000 |
Oct 25 |
1125 |
N00W95 |
C4 |
15 |
0.98 |
0.41 |
P |
PS |
|
|
27 |
2000 |
Nov 08 |
2328 |
N10W75 |
M7 |
14800 |
0.049 |
0.004 |
O |
1300 |
|
|
27b |
2000 |
Nov 09 |
1613 |
S11E10 |
M |
|
|
|
|
1200 |
km |
|
28 |
2000 |
Nov 24 |
1455 |
N22W07 |
X2 |
100 |
2.55 |
0.42 |
P |
PS |
|
|
29 |
2000 |
Nov 25 |
0100 |
N07E50 |
M8 |
940 |
0.81 |
0.04 |
S |
1000 |
|
|
30 |
2001 |
Jan 28 |
1600 |
S04W59 |
M1 |
49 |
4.48 |
0.38 |
P |
630 |
|
|
31 |
2001 |
Mar 29 |
1015 |
N14W12 |
X1 |
35 |
3.28 |
0.22 |
O |
690 |
|
|
32 |
2001 |
Apr 02 |
2151 |
N18W82 |
X20 |
1110 |
2.30 |
0.04 |
O |
1020 |
|
|
33 |
2001 |
Apr 10 |
0526 |
S23W09 |
X2 |
355 |
0.94 |
0.04 |
S |
1220 |
|
|
34 |
2001 |
Apr 12 |
1028 |
S19W42 |
X2 |
|
2.11 |
0.34 |
P |
... |
|
|
35 |
2001 |
Apr 15 |
1350 |
S20W85 |
X14 |
951 |
5.79 |
0.15 |
P |
700 |
|
|
36 |
2001 |
Apr 18 |
0214 |
S20W120 |
C2 |
321 |
3.31 |
0.15 |
P |
... |
|
|
37 |
2001 |
Apr 26 |
1312 |
N17W31 |
M7 |
*57 |
... |
… |
S |
1010 |
km |
|
38 |
2001 |
May 07 |
0855 |
NW140 |
... |
30 |
3.01 |
0.48 |
P |
... |
|
|
39 |
2001 |
Jun 15 |
1520 |
SW130 |
... |
26 |
0.77 |
0.49 |
P |
... |
|
|
40 |
2001 |
Aug 09 |
1122 |
S17E19 |
C3 |
17 |
*0.887 |
0.008 |
O |
640 |
|
|
41 |
2001 |
Aug 15 |
2355 |
W140 |
... |
493 |
0.90 |
0.04 |
O |
PS |
|
|
42 |
2001 |
Sep 15 |
1128 |
S21W49 |
M1 |
*11 |
... |
… |
P |
... |
|
|
43 |
2001 |
Sep 24 |
1038 |
S16E23 |
X2 |
12900 |
0.120 |
0.006 |
S |
1220 |
km |
|
44 |
2001 |
Oct 01 |
0515 |
S22W91 |
M9 |
2360 |
0.51 |
0.05 |
O |
PS |
|
|
45 |
2001 |
Oct 19 |
1630 |
N15W29 |
X1 |
11 |
2.84 |
0.65 |
P |
870 |
km |
|
46 |
2001 |
Oct 22 |
1759 |
S18E16 |
X1 |
24 |
5.44 |
0.56 |
P |
640 |
|
|
47 |
2001 |
Nov 04 |
1620 |
N06W18 |
X1 |
31700 |
0.373 |
0.008 |
S |
1240 |
km |
|
48 |
2001 |
Nov 17 |
0525 |
S13E42 |
M2 |
34 |
*0.17 |
0.01 |
S |
680 |
|
|
49 |
2001 |
Nov 22 |
2330 |
S15W34 |
M9 |
18900 |
0.44 |
0.02 |
S |
1300 |
km |
|
50 |
2001 |
Dec 26 |
0540 |
N08W54 |
M7 |
779 |
4.94 |
0.10 |
P |
570 |
|
|
51 |
2001 |
Dec 28 |
2045 |
S26E90 |
X3 |
108 |
0.81 |
0.08 |
S |
870 |
|
|
52 |
2002 |
Jan 08 |
2025 |
NE100 |
C9 |
91 |
*0.111 |
0.004 |
|||