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Last updated on Saturday, 6th February, 2010.

Content

• HEFT articles
  • Mission overview
  • PhD theses
  • Cadmium zinc telluride detector
  • Multilayer mirror coating
  • Optics
  • Attitude control and ground support equipment
• Other relevant articles
  • Mission concepts
  • Hard X-ray optics
  • Multilayer coating
  • Focal-plane
  • Miscellaneous

Mission overview

• "In-flight performance of the balloon-borne High Energy Focusing Telescope" (poster),
  C. M. H. Chen et al.
  Poster presentation 18-12 at the 9th meeting of the AAS High Energy Astrophysics Division, 10/2006.


• "Development of the HEFT and NuSTAR focusing telescopes",
  F. A. Harrison et al,
  Experimental Astronomy, Volume 20. No 1-3. 12/2005. pp 131-137.


• "Development of the High-Energy Focusing Telescope (HEFT) Balloon Experiment",
  F. A. Harrison et al. (2000),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4012, p. 693-699, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions III, 7/2000.

PhD theses

• "Development of hard X-ray imaging detectors for the High Energy Focusing Telescope",
  C. M. H. Chen
  PhD thesis. California Institute of Technology. 2008.


• "X-ray telescopes: Development, flight and analysis",
  K. Kruse Madsen
  PhD thesis. Københavns Universitet. 2007.


• "Development and first flight of the High Energy Focusing Telescope and analysis of spectral features in the isolated neutron star 1E1207.4-5209",
  J. C. Chonko
  PhD thesis. Columbia University. 2006.


• "Hard x-ray observations of the extragalactic sky: the High Energy Focusing Telescope and the Serendipitous Extragalactic X-ray Source Identification survey",
  P. H.-J. Mao
  PhD thesis. California Institute of Technology. 2002.

Cadmium zinc telluride detector

• "Flight performance and laboratory tests of CZT detectors for hard X-ray focal planes" (poster),
  W. Baumgartner et al.
  Poster presentation 18-26 at the 9th meeting of the AAS High Energy Astrophysics Division, 10/2006.


• "Characterization of a large-format, fine-pitch CdZnTe pixel detector for the HEFT balloon-Borne experiment",
  C. M. H. Chen et al,
  IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Volume 51. No 5. Part 1. 10/2004. pp 2472-2477.


• "Assembly technique for a fine-pitch, low-noise interface: Joining a CdZnTe pixel-array detector and custom VLSI chip with Au stud bumps and conductive epoxy",
  Clayton, J.E.; Chen, C.M.H.; Cook, W.R.; Harrison, F.A.
  2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 19th-25th October, 2003. Vol. 5, pp. 3513-3517.


• "Characterization of the HEFT CdZnTe pixel detectors",
  C. M. H. Chen et al (8/2003),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5198, p. 9-18, Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Detector Physics V, 1/2004.


• "The effect of cathode bias (field effect) on the surface leakage current of CdZnTe detectors",
  A. E. Bolotnikov et al,
  Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, Volume 510. Issue 3. 9/2003. pp 300-308.


• "Development of a high-spectral-resolution cadmium zinc telluride pixel detector for astrophysical applications",
  F. A. Harrison et al (8/2002),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4851, p. 823-830, 3/2003.


• "Properties of Pt Schottky type contacts on high-resistivity CdZnTe detectors",
  A. E. Bolotnikov et al,
  Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, Volume 482. 2002. pp 395-407.


• "Effects of bulk and surface conductivity on the performance of CdZnTe pixel detectors",
  A. E. Bolotnikov et al,
  IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Volume 49. No 4. 8/2002. pp 1941-1949.


• "Development of high spectral resolution CdZnTe pixel detectors for astronomical hard X-ray telescopes",
  A. E. Bolotnikov et al,
  Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, Volume 458, Issues 1-2 , 1 February 2001, Pages 585-592.


• "Numerical modeling of charge sharing in CdZnTe pixel detectors",
  C. M. H. Chen et al,
  IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Volume 49. No 1. Part 2. 2/2002. pp 270-276.


• "Development of CdZnTe pixel detectors for astrophysical applications",
  F. A. Harrison et al,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4141, p. 137-143, Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics II, 11/2000.


• "Optimal contact geometry for CdZnTe pixel detectors",
  A. E. Bolotnikov et al,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4141, p. 243-252, Hard X-Ray, Gamma-Ray, and Neutron Detector Physics II, 11/2000.


• "High resolution CdZnTe pixel detectors with VLSI readout",
  W. R. Cook et al.,
  IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Volume 47. No 4. Part 1. 8/2000. pp 1454-1457.


• "Charge loss between contacts of a CdZnTe pixel detector",
  A. E. Bolotnikov et al.,
  Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, Volume 432, Issues 2-3 , 11 August 1999, Pages 326-331.


• "Use of a pulsed laser to study properties of CdZnTe pixel detectors",
  A. E. Bolotnikov et al. (1999),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3769, p. 52-58, Penetrating Radiation Systems and Applications, 10/1999.


• "First test results from a high resolution CdZnTe pixel detector with VLSI readout",
  W. R. Cook et al. (1999),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3769, p. 92-96, Penetrating Radiation Systems and Applications, 10/1999.


• "Low-noise custom VLSI for CdZnTe pixel detectors",
  W. R. Cook et al.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3445, p. 347-354, EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, 11/1998.


• "Effects of proton-induced radiation damage on cadmium zinc telluride pixel detectors",
  A. S. Wong et al,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 2806, p. 442-448, Gamma-Ray and Cosmic-Ray Detectors, Techniques, and Missions, Brian D. Ramsey; Thomas A. Parnell; Eds.

Multilayer mirror coating (see also Optics)

• "Optical constants for hard X-ray multilayers over the energy range E=35–180 keV",
  D. L. Windt et al (8/2003),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5168, p. 35-40, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 1/2004.


• "X-ray study of W/Si multilayers for the HEFT hard X-ray telescope",
  K. Kruse Madsen et al (8/2003),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5168, p. 41-52, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 1/2004.


• "Coating of the HEFT telescope mirrors: method and results",
  C. P. Jensen et al (8/2002),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4851, p. 724-733, 3/2003.


• "Multilayer coating facility for the HEFT hard x-ray telescope",
  C. P. Jensen et al,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4496, p. 104-108, X-Ray Optics for Astronomy: Telescopes, Multilayers, Spectrometers, and Missions, 1/2002.


• "Evaluation and optimization of multilayer designs for astronomical x-ray telescopes using a field-of-view- and energy-dependent figure of merit",
  P. H. Mao et al,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4138, p. 126-133, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions IV, 11/2000.


• "Growth, structure and performance of depth-graded W/Si multilayers for hard X-ray optics",
  D. L. Windt et al,
  Journal of Applied Physics, 88, 460-470 (2000).


• "Optimization of graded multilayer designs for astronomical x-ray telescopes",
  P. H. Mao et al.,
  Applied Optics, 38:22, pages 4766-4775. (1999).


• "Development of grazing incidence multilayer mirrors for hard x-ray focusing telescopes",
  P. H. Mao et al. (8/1997),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3114, p. 526-534, EUV, X-ray and Gamma-ray instrumentation for Astronomy VIII, 10/1997.

Optics

• "Calibration of HEFT hard X-ray optics",
  Jason E. Koglin et al.
  Proceedings of "The X-ray Universe 2005", p. 955-960, 1/2006.


• "Hard X-ray optics: from HEFT to NuSTAR",
  Jason E. Koglin et al.
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5488, p. 856-867, UV and Gamma-Ray Space Telescope Systems, 10/2004.


• "Production and calibration of the first HEFT hard X-ray optics module",
  J. E. Koglin et al. (8/2003),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5168, p. 100-111, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 1/2004.


• "Development and production of hard X-ray multilayer optics for HEFT",
  J. E. Koglin et al (8/2002),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4851, p. 607-618, 3/2003.
  
• "The thermal-forming of glass microsheets for X-ray mirror segments",
  M. Jimenez-Garate et al,
  Applied Optics, 42:4, pages 724-735. (2/2003).


• "Measured reflectance of graded multilayer mirrors designed for astronomical hard X-ray telescopes",
  F. E. Christensen et al.,
  Nuclear Instruments and Methods A, Volume 451, Issue 3 , 11 September 2000, Pages 572-581.


• "Development of thermally formed glass optics for astronomical hard X-ray telescopes",
  W. W. Craig et al,
  Optics Express Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 178-185, 14 August 2000.


• "Fabrication, performance and figure metrology of epoxy-replicated aluminum foils for hard x-ray focusing multilayer-coated segmented conical optics",
  M. A. Jimenez-Garate et al,
  Optical Engineering, Volume 39, Issue 11, pp. 2982-2994, 11/2000.


• "Hard x-ray characterization of a HEFT single-reflection prototype",
  F. E. Christensen et al,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4012, p. 626-638, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions III, 7/2000.


• "X-ray scatter measurements from thermally slumped thin glass substrates for the HEFT hard X-ray telescope",
  A. M. Hussain et al. (1999),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3766, p. 184-196, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions II, 9/1999.


• "Hard X-ray optics for the HEFT balloon borne payload: prototype design and performance",
  W. W. Craig et al.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3445, p. 112-120, EUV, X-ray, and Gamma-Ray instrumentation for Astronomy IX, 11/1998.


• "Fast optical metrology of the hard x-ray optics for the HEFT telescope",
  M. Jimenez-Garate et al.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3444, p. 622-635, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions, 11/1998.


• "Investigation of substrates and mounting techniques for the High Energy Focussing Telescope (HEFT)",
  C. J. Hailey et al. (8/1997),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3114, p. 535-543, "EUV, X-ray and Gamma-ray instrumentation for Astronomy VIII", 10/1997.

Attitude control and ground support equipment

• "A distributed, real-time data monitoring system as ground support equipment for balloon-borne astronomy experiments" (poster),
  C. M. H. Chen et al.
  Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems XIX, ASP Conference Series, submitted 12/2009.
• "Ground performance of the High-Energy Focusing Telescope (HEFT) attitude control system",
  K. Gunderson et al (8/2003),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5165, p. 158-168, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy XIII, 2/2004.

Mission concepts

• "High-resolution spectroscopic imaging (HSI) mission",
  Harrison, Fiona A., Boggs, Steven E., Christensen, Finn E., Gehrels, Neil A., Grindlay, Jonathan E., Chen, C. M. H., Craig, William W., Hailey, Charles J., Pinto, Philip, Thorsett, Steven, Tueller, Jack, Windt, David L. and Woosley, Stanford E., (8/2002),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4851, p. 345-352, 3/2003.

Hard X-ray optics

• "NuSTAR hard X-ray optics",
  Jason E. Koglin, Finn E. Christensen, William W. Craig, Todd R. Decker, Charles J. Hailey, Fiona A. Harrison, Colin Hawthorn, Carsten P. Jensen, Kristin K. Madsen, Marcela Stern, Gordon Tajiri, Michael D. Taylor,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5900, 59000X, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy II, 8/2005.


• "Fabrication and performance of Constellation-X hard X-ray telescope prototype optics using segmented glass",
  C. J. Hailey, F. E. Christensen, W. W. Craig, F. A. Harrison, J. E. Koglin, R. Petre and W. W. Zhang (8/2003),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5168, p. 100-111, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy, 1/2004.


• "Overview of segmented glass optics development for the Constellation-X hard X-ray telescope",
  Hailey, Charles J.; Christensen, Finn E.; Craig, William W.; Harrison, Fiona A.; Koglin, Jason; Petre, Robert; Windt, David L.; Zhang, William W., (8/2002),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4851, p. 519-527, 3/2003.


• "Development of precision hard x-ray multilayer optics with sub-arcminute performance",
  Koglin, Jason E.; Chen, Hubert C.; Christensen, Finn E.; Chonko, Jim; Craig, William W.; Decker, Todd R.; Jimenez-Garate, Mario A.; Hailey, Charles J.; Harrison, Fiona A.; Jensen, Carsten P.; Sileo, Mike; Windt, David L.; Yu, Haitao, (8/2002),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4851, p. 673-683, 3/2003.


• "Technology development for the Constellation-X hard-x-ray telescope",
  Harrison, Fiona A., Cook, Walter R., California Institute of Technology; Christensen, Finn E., Danish Space Research Institute; Citterio, Oberto, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera; Craig, William W., Columbia Univ.; Gehrels, Neil A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr.; Gorenstein, Paul, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; Grindlay, Jonathan E., Harvard College Observatory; Hailey, Charles J., Columbia Univ.; Kroeger, Richard A., Naval Research Lab.; Kuneida, H., Nagoya Univ.; Pareschi, Giovanni, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera; Parsons, Ann M., Petre, Robert, NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr.; Romaine, Suzanne E., Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Proc. SPIE Vol. 3765, p. 104-111, EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy X, Oswald H. Siegmund; Kathryn A. Flanagan; Eds., 10/1999.

Multilayer coating

• "Investigation of new material combinations for hard x-ray telescope designs",
  C. P. Jensen, K. K. Madsen, F. E. Christensen,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 6266, 626612, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 7/2006.


• "Small D-Spacing WC/SiC Multilayers for Future Hard X-Ray Telescope Designs",
  Carsten P. Jensen, Kristin K. Madsen and Finn E. Christensen,
  Experimental Astronomy, Volume 20. No 1-3. 12/2005. pp 93-103.


• "Novel multilayer designs for future hard x-ray missions",
  F. E. Christensen, C. P. Jensen, K. K. Madsen, M. J. Pivovaroff, H. Chen, A. Dariel, P. Høghøj,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 6266, 626611, Space Telescopes and Instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray, 7/2006.


• "W/SiC and Pt/SiC multilayers for the NuSTAR hard X-ray telescope",
  C. P. Jensen, K. K. Madsen, A. Jensen, F. E. Christensen,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5900, 590007, Optics for EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Astronomy II, 8/2005.


• "W/SiC X-ray multilayers optimized for use above 100 keV",
  D. L. Windt, S. Donguy, C. J. Hailey, J. Koglin, V. Honkimaki, E. Ziegler, F. E. Christensen, H. Chen, F. A. Harrison, W. W. Craig, (8/2002),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4851, p. 639-647, 3/2003, and Applied Optics, 42:13, pages 2415-2421. (2003).


• "Design of a soft gamma-ray focusing telescope for the study of nuclear lines",
  Chen, C. M. Hubert; Christensen, Finn E.; Harrison, Fiona A.; Mao, Peter H.; Windt, David L. (8/2002),
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4851, p. 1356-1365, 3/2003.


• "Grazing incidence optics designs for future gamma-ray missions",
  Christensen, Finn E.; Chakan, James M.; Harrison, Fiona A.; Boggs, Steven E.; Mao, Peter H.; Prince, Thomas A.; Craig, William W.; Hailey, Charles J.; Windt, David L.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4012, p. 278-284, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions III, 7/2000.


• "X-ray multilayer coatings for use at energies above 100 keV",
  Windt, David L.; Christensen, Finn E.; Craig, William W.; Hailey, Charles J.; Harrison, Fiona A.; Jimenez-Garate, Mario A.; Kalyanaraman, R.; Mao, Peter H.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 4012, p. 442-447, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions III, 7/2000.


• "Novel dc magnetron sputtering facility for space research and synchrotron radiation optics",
  Hussain, Ahsen M., Christensen, Finn E., Danish Space Research Institute; Pareschi, Giovanni, Danish Space Research Institute and Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera; Poulsen, Henning F., Risoe National Lab.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3444, p. 443-450, X-Ray Optics, Instruments, and Missions, Richard B. Hoover; Arthur B. Walker; Eds., 11/1998.


• "X-ray reflectivity and mechanical stress in W/Si multilayers deposited on thin substrates of glass, epoxy-replicated aluminum foil, and Si wafer",
  Platonov, Yuriy Y., Broadway, David, Degroot, Brian, Osmic, Inc.; Mao, Peter, Harrison, Fiona A., California Institute of Technology; Gutman, George, Rodriguez, Jim, Osmic, Inc.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3113, p. 469-475, Grazing Incidence and Multilayer X-Ray Optical Systems, Richard B. Hoover; Arthur B. Walker; Eds., 7/1997.

Focal-plane

• "Development of uniform CdTe pixel detectors based on Caltech ASIC",
  Kousuke Oonuki, Hokuto Inoue, Kazuhiro Nakazawa, Takefumi Mitani, Takaaki Tanaka, Tadayuki Takahashi, C. M. Hubert Chen, Walter R. Cook, Fiona A. Harrison,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 5501, p. 218-228, High-Energy Detectors in Astronomy, Andrew D. Holland; Ed., 9/2004.


• "Development of neutron shields for gamma-ray detectors",
  Hong, Jaesub; Hailey, Charles J.; Craig, William W.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3445, p. 121-132, EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, Oswald H. Siegmund; Mark A. Gummin; Eds., 11/1998.


• "Modeling and suppression of neutron background in gamma-ray detectors",
  Hong, Jaesub, Hailey, Charles J., Columbia Univ.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 2806, p. 449-456, Gamma-Ray and Cosmic-Ray Detectors, Techniques, and Missions, Brian D. Ramsey; Thomas A. Parnell; Eds., 10/1996.

Miscellaneous

• "CdZnTe background measurement at balloon altitudes with an active BGO shield",
  Bloser, Peter F., Grindlay, Jonathan E., Narita, Tomohiko, Harvard-Smithsonian Ctr. for Astrophysics; Harrison, Fiona A., California Institute of Technology,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3445, p. 186-196, EUV, X-Ray, and Gamma-Ray Instrumentation for Astronomy IX, Oswald H. Siegmund; Mark A. Gummin; Eds., 11/1998.


• "Sub-arcminute pointing from a balloonborne platform",
  Craig, William W., Columbia Univ.; McLean, Ryan, Univ. of Colorado/Boulder; Hailey, Charles J., Columbia Univ.,
  Proc. SPIE Vol. 3365, p. 87-97, Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing XII, Michael K. Masten; Larry A. Stockum; Eds., 7/1998.